1. In this section, we discuss a real-time QoS control mechanism that dynamically optimizes service composition in real time by learning and adapting to changes in third party service response time behaviors. You can use open-source frameworks such as Hadoop, Apache Spark, Apache Hive, LLAP, Apache Kafka, Apache Storm, and R. HDInsight. Thanks to a logically centralized VNI architecture, CF may exploit different multi-path routing algorithms, e.g. c, pp. Additionally, the total bandwidth required for \((s_1, s_2)\), and \((s_2, s_3)\) is only provisioned once. ICSOC/ServiceWave 2009. Table1 shows exemplary results for the case, when the profit, which is consequence of better resources utilization, is shared equally among clouds. AIOps and machine learning. In this revised gateway we use paging to overcome device management limitations (25 devices at a time). Nonetheless, no work exists on this topic. In: Proceedings 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp. Currently, CF commonly exploits the Internet for inter-cloud communication, e.g. The service requests are finally lost if also no available resources in this pool. Netw. Firewall Manager Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms. A large body of work has been devoted to finding heuristic solutions[23,24,25]. Traffic Manager uses real-time user measurements and DNS to route users to the closest (or next closest during failure). These concepts can be extended taking into account green policies applied in federated scenarios. A typical example of this scenario is the case where application processing servers are in one spoke, or virtual network. mobile devices, sensor nodes). 395409. Monitoring components provide visibility and alerting from all the other component types. Azure Firewall is a managed network security service that protects your Azure Virtual Network resources. Network features With such a collection of rich data, it's important to take proactive action on events happening in your environment, especially where manual queries alone won't suffice. In: The 2nd International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud-2014), August 2014, Atzori, L., Iera, A., Morabito, G.: The Internet of Things: a survey. Finally, decisions taken by VNI control functions on the abstract VNI model are translated into configuration commands specific for particular virtual node. Resource Group Management S/W and H/W are coupled tightly. 2. Finally, the algorithm for calculating resource distribution for each cloud is the following: Step 1: to order \(\lambda _i\) \((i=1, , N)\) values from minimum value to maximum. To overcome this issue, it is suggested in [43,44,45] that, based on observations of the actually realised performance, recomposition of the service may be triggered. In the preceding diagram, in the DMZ Hub, many of the following features can be bundled together in an Azure Virtual WAN hub (such as virtual networks, user-defined routes, network security groups, VPN gateways, ExpressRoute gateways, Azure Load Balancers, Azure Firewalls, Firewall Manager, and DDOS). Therefore, geo-distributed cloud environments require SVNE approaches which have a computational model for availability as a function of SN failure distributions and placement configuration. You can create everything from a basic Web and SQL app to the latest in IoT, big data, machine learning, AI, and so much more. International Journal of Network Management 25, 5 (2015), 355-374. Each level deals with specific class of algorithms, which should together provide satisfactory service of the clients, while maintaining optimal resource utilization. The nodes at bottom level are physical hosts where VMs are hosted. CDNs can be considered as a special case of clouds with the main propose of distributing or streaming large data volumes within a broader service portfolio of cloud computing applications. ACM, Canfora, G., Di Penta, M., Esposito, R., Villani, M.L. Therefore, VNI should differentiate packet service and provide QoS guaranties following users requirements. A CDN exchange or broker approach is not included but can be build on top of core CDNI mechanisms. In hub and spoke topologies, the hub is the central network zone that controls and inspects all traffic between different zones such as the internet, on-premises, and the spokes. Events and traces are stored as logs along with performance data, which can all be combined for analysis. Workloads are simulated by the following benchmarks of the Phoronix test suite [59]. The Windows Active Directory infrastructure is required for user authentication of third parties that access from untrusted networks before they get access to the workloads in the spoke. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6463372, Moens, H., Hanssens, B., Dhoedt, B., De Turck, F.: Hierarchical network-aware placement of service oriented applications in clouds. Furthermore, provision of the service corresponds to allocation of resources when particular tasks can be executed. RL has also been widely used in online applications. 1. [62] by summarizing their main properties, features, underlying technologies, and open issues. https://doi.org/10.1007/11563952_28, ivkovi, M., Bosman, J.W., van den Berg, J.L., van der Mei, R.D., Meeuwissen, H.B., Nnez-Queija, R.: Run-time revenue maximization for composite web services with response time commitments. Logs contain different kinds of data organized into records with different sets of properties for each type. A strong authentication with a range of easy verification options (phone call, text message, or mobile app notification) allows customers to choose the method they prefer. Cloud Federation is the system that is built on the top of a number of clouds. The cloud computing and its capability of integrating and sharing resources, plays potential role in the development of traffic management systems (TMSs). In: Charting the Future of Innovation, 5th edn., vol. To provide quality access to the variety of applications and services hosted on datacenters and maximize performance, it deems . Auditable security practices that are developed, operated, and natively supported by Azure. Finally, after buying/selling process, one can observe that the profit gained from FC scheme is greater than the profit we have got from PFC scheme and now is equal to 91.50 (19% comparing to SC scheme and 8% comparing to PFC scheme). PyBench. Physical hosts on which Virtual Machines (VMs) are hosted are the leaves of this tree, while the ancestors comprise regions and availability zones. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Enables virtual networks to share network resources. ExpressRoute private peering, when the hubs in each VDC implementation are connected to the same ExpressRoute circuit. Develop a subscription and resource management model using Azure role-based access control that fits the structure, requirements, and policies of your organization. Protection policies are tuned through dedicated traffic monitoring and machine learning algorithms. It's a stateful managed firewall with high availability and cloud scalability. This component type is where most of the supporting infrastructure resides. Finally, the ITU [6] takes a number of use cases into account to be addressed by could interconnection and federation approaches: Performance guarantee against an abrupt increase in load (offloading). One can also observe that by using alternative paths we significantly increase carried traffic under the same blocking probability. The registered devices have device IDs and tokens for authentication. In the hub, the load balancer is used to efficiently route traffic across firewall instances. All projects require different isolated environments (dev, UAT, and production). A virtual datacenter can be built using one of these high-level topologies, based on your needs and scale requirements: In a Flat topology, all resources are deployed in a single virtual network. Notice, that bandwidth requested in the traffic descriptor may be satisfied by a number of alternative path assuming flow splitting among them, (2) allocation of the flow to selected feasible alternative routing paths, and (3) configuration of flow tables in virtual nodes on the selected path(s). The main concept of CF is to operate as one computing system with resources distributed among particular clouds. As we are considering a sequence of tasks, the number of possible response time realizations combinations explodes. This shows that the it is caused by the virtualization layer. The hub is typically built on a virtual network with multiple subnets that host different types of services. Basic rules for aggregation of nonsequential workflows into sequential workflows have been illustrated in, e.g. In: 2010 IEEE/ACM International Conference on \(\backslash \) & International Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom), GREENCOM-CPSCOM 2010, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, pp. Subscription Management Azure Load Balancer offers a high availability Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) service, which can distribute incoming traffic among service instances defined in a load-balanced set. Wojciech Burakowski . In our approach, CF defines its own traffic control and management functions that operate on an abstract model of VNI. The addressed issue is e.g. In the DMZ hub, the perimeter network to internet can scale up to support many lines of business, using multiple farms of Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Azure Firewalls. Scheme no. They include logic for collecting monitoring data for the application or service, queries to analyze that data, and views for visualization. During the recomposition phase, new concrete service(s) may be chosen for the given workflow. They can also work to monitor critical on-premises resources to provide a hybrid monitoring environment. For the commercial viability of composite services, it is crucial that they are offered at sharp price-quality ratios. https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2168, Celesti, A., Tusa, F., Villari, M., Puliafito, A.: How to enhance cloud architectures to enable cross-federation. Azure SQL Effective designing of the network in question is especially important when CF uses network provided by a network operator based on SLA (Service Level Agreement) and as a consequence it has limited possibilities to control network. Governance and control of workloads in Azure is based not just on collecting log data, but also on the ability to trigger actions based on specific reported events. It's also important to weigh these results in view of the optimal recovery time objective (RTO). The private IP address space assigned to a VDC implementation must be consistent and not overlapping with private IP addresses assigned on your on-premises networks. Usually, the central IT team and security teams have responsibility for requirement definition and operation of the perimeter networks. Example: In this example we have 10 clouds that differ in service request rates while the number of resources in each cloud is the same and is equal to 10. You can centrally create, enforce, and log application and network connectivity policies across subscriptions and virtual networks. The tasks are executed onebyone in the sense that each consecutive task has to wait for the previous task to finish. 22(4), 517558 (2014). Alert rules based on logs allow for complex logic across data from multiple sources. Open Flow protocol, net conf or other. A virtual network guarantees an isolation boundary for virtual datacenter resources. 1 that is under loaded). In: Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM, pp. Let us note, that the service request arrival processes from each cloud submitted to this pool are generally different. Network Traffic Management uses network monitoring tools and management techniques such as bandwidth monitoring, deep packet inspection and application based routing to ensure optimal network operation. in order to optimize resource usage costs and energy utilization. The traffic can then transit to its destination in either the on-premises network or the public internet. V2V Communication Protocols in Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Networks: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3981-.ch006: Integration of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) and cellular network is a promising architecture for future machine-to-machine applications. Int. Editor's Notes. The virtual datacenter approach to migration is to create a scalable architecture that optimizes Azure resource use, lowers costs, and simplifies system governance. The hub and spoke topology uses virtual network peering and user-defined routes to route traffic properly. Buyya et al. The Bluemix quickstart is a public demo application, it can visualise the data from a selected device. However, negotiating multiple SLAs in itself is not sufficient to guarantee end-to-end QoS levels as SLAs in practice often give probabilistic QoS guarantees and SLA violations can still occur. For every used concrete service the response-time distribution is updated with the new realization. We present comprehensive multi-level model for traffic management in CF that consists of five levels: Level 5 - Strategies for building CF, Level 4 - Network for CF, Level 3 - Service specification and provision, Level 2 - Service composition and orchestration, and Level 1 - Task service in cloud resources. While traditionally a cloud infrastructure is located within a data-center, recently, there is a need for geographical distribution[17]. A CF network assumes a full mesh topology where peering clouds are connected by virtual links. After each decision the observed response time is used for updating the response time distribution information of the selected service. For each request processed by \(\mathrm {CS}^{(i,j)}\) cost \(c^{(i,j)}\) has to be paid. This prefix makes it easy to identify which workload a group is associated with. Therefore, Fig. This is particularly interesting, because this configuration range includes 100MB of VRAM which constrains the VMs RAM utilization to less than half of what the VM alone (without executing any workload) would utilize. However, the score difference is rather moderate compared to the large difference in terms of RAM utilization. You can configure Power BI to automatically import log data from Azure Monitor to take advantage of these more visualizations. Running in more than 100 locations at the edge of Microsoft's Global Network, AFD enables you to build, operate, and scale out your dynamic web application and static content. 31-42. . Virtual WAN also provides security services with an optional Azure Firewall and Firewall Manager in your Virtual WAN hub. It's also where your centralized IT, security, and compliance teams spend most of their time. However, decoupling those two operations is only possible when link failure can be omitted and nodes are homogeneous. The handling of service requests in PFC scheme is shown on Fig. Azure built-in roles, Monitoring Therefore, the dependency between VRAM and utilized RAM is much stronger than the dependency between VRAM/utilized RAM and Apache score. DDoS Protection Standard is simple to enable and requires no application changes. This infrastructure specifies how ingress and egress are controlled in a VDC implementation. Syst. The proposed approach for CF is to create, manage and maintain a Virtual Network Infrastructure (VNI), which provides communication services tailored for inter-cloud communication. https://doi.org/10.1109/UIC-ATC.2012.31, Yeow, W.-L., Westphal, C., Kozat, U.: Designing and embedding reliable virtual infrastructures. Then, building on this model, we will study the problem of guaranteeing a minimum level of availability for applications. Inside a spoke, it's possible to deploy a basic workload or complex multitier workloads with traffic control between the tiers. However, a recently started standards activity by the IEEE [9] towards intercloud interoperability and federation is still motivated by todays landscape of independent and incompatible cloud offerings in proprietary as well as open access architectures. The figure shows that the best performance is achieved, when the VM has three or four VCPUs, while additional VCPUs linearly decrease the Apache score. The data is represented in a structured JSON object compatible with the IBM IoT Foundation message format [70]. This supports deploying into a location-based virtual network, which can be deployed to a cluster in a spoke of the virtual datacenter. Enterprises might need to connect their virtual datacenter to on-premises datacenters or other resources. Learn more about the Azure capabilities discussed in this document. Hub-to-hub communication built into Azure Virtual WAN hubs across regions in the same Virtual WAN. Scheme no. An MKP is known to be NP-hard and therefore optimal algorithms are hampered by scalability issues. In: Proceedings - IEEE 9th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing and IEEE 9th International Conference on Autonomic and Trusted Computing, UIC-ATC 2012, pp. The chapter summarizes activities of COST IC1304 ACROSS European Project corresponding to traffic management for Cloud Federation (CF). you are unable to locate the licence and re-use information, For each service, the inter-cloud federation may act as an inter-cloud intermediary with a primary CSP responsible for the service. Bachelor Thesis, Universitt Zrich, Zurich, Switzerland, August 2015. https://files.ifi.uzh.ch/CSG/staff/poullie/extern/theses/BAgruhler.pdf, Botta, A., de Donato, W., Persico, V., Pescape, A.: On the integration of cloud computing and Internet of Things. Inside a single spoke, or a flat network design, it's possible to implement complex multitier workloads. 1 (see Fig. Admission decision is taken based on traffic descriptor, requested class of service, and information about available resources on routing paths between source and destination. Step 3: to choose the minimum value from set of \((c_i - c_{i1})\) \((i=1, , N)\) and to state that each cloud should delegate this number of resources to the common pool. I.T. The overview distinguishes between: Inter-cloud Peering: between a primary and secondary CSP (i.e. 14, pp. Once established, this composition would remain unchanged the entire lifecycle of the composite web service. However, when designing disaster recovery plans, it's important to consider that most applications are sensitive to the latency that can be caused by this data synchronization. https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom-CPSCom.2010.137, Ren, Y., Suzuki, J., Vasilakos, A., Omura, S., Oba, K.: Cielo: an evolutionary game theoretic framework for virtual machine placement in clouds. The experiments focus on performance evaluation of the proposed VNI control algorithm. 5364, pp. Application Gateway (Layer 7) The previous diagram shows a case where two different Azure AD tenants are used: one for DevOps and UAT, and the other exclusively for production. The link is established through secure encrypted connections (IPsec tunnels). Our future work will address extensions for additional thing and sensor templates, and will provide cases for scalability investigations involving multiple cloud gateways. ExpressRoute enables private connections between your virtual datacenter and any on-premises networks. Usually, services with cloud-enhanced features are offered, therefore this group includes Software as a Service (SaaS) solutions like eBay. Their algorithm first determines the required redundancy level and subsequently performs the actual placement. The workflow in Fig. Decisions are taken at points AD. The management focuses on adaptation of VNI topology, provisioning of resources allocated to virtual nodes and links, traffic engineering, and costs optimization. In this step, the algorithm allocates flow into previously selected subset of feasible paths. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2002.1022244. These services filter and inspect traffic to or from the internet via Azure Firewall, NVAs, WAF, and Azure Application Gateway instances. Even if a lack of RAM impedes performance, the impediment is minor compared to the amount of RAM that is missing (cf. The bandwidth consumption of this configuration might not be minimal, if consolidation of two or three services onto one PM is possible. User-defined routes can be created in both the hub and the spokes to guarantee that traffic transits through the specific custom VMs, Network Virtual Appliances, and load balancers used by a VDC implementation. Database operations. 13b compares the 7zip scores achieved by VMs with 1 and 9GB of VRAM. Nodes have certain CPU(\(\varvec{\varOmega }\)) and memory capabilities(\(\varvec{\varGamma }\)). VMware Cloud Director uses network pools to create NAT-routed and internal organization VDC networks and all vApp networks. Our experiments are performed by simulation. cloudlets, gateways) to very low (e.g. The hub deployment is bound to a specific Azure subscription, which has restrictions and limits (for example, a maximum number of virtual network peerings. The spokes also provide a modular approach for repeatable deployments of the same workloads. In particular, the component explicitly manages: the discovery phase in which information about other clouds are received andsent, the match-making phase performing the best choice of the provider according to some utility measure and. The execution starts with an initial lookup table at step (1). 81, 17541769 (2008). In: The 2nd International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud-2014), August 2014, Nastic, S., Sehic, S., Le, D., Truong, H., Dustdar, S.: Provisioning software-defined IoT cloud systems. LNCS, vol. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10768. A sub-modular approach allows sharing of memory resources amongst services belonging to multiple applications. REGOS Software LLC. Possible conflicts when multiple applications run on the same machine. Azure role-based access control Deciding whether requests are accepted and where those virtual resources are placed then reduces to a Multiple Knapsack Problem (MKP) [22]. If a service is placed on the same PM, for multiple duplicates or for multiple applications, or the same VL is placed on a PL, they can reuse resources (see Table5). For example, a workload hosting an authentication service might have groups named AuthServiceNetOps, AuthServiceSecOps, AuthServiceDevOps, and AuthServiceInfraOps. The goal of network segmentation in cloud data center environment is to enable logical separation (or isolation) among customers or tenants of (say) an IaaS cloud service. Notice, that results related to a single path, denoted as 1 path, correspond to the strategy based on choosing only direct virtual links between peering clouds, while other cases exploit multi-path routing capabilities offered by VNI. View security rules for a network interface. Their work focuses on handling workload variations by a combination of vertical and horizontal scaling of VMs. One can observe that using VNI instead of direct communication between peering clouds leads to significant decreasing of blocking probabilities under wide range of the offered load upto the limit of the working point at blocking probability at the assumed level of 0.1. The hub often contains common service components consumed by the spokes. Microsoft partners can also provide enhanced capabilities by offering security services and virtual appliances that are optimized to run in Azure. Smart cities providing modern utilities could be managed more efficiently with IoT technologies. 1316. This scheme we name as PCF (Partial CF). 3. For this purpose, let us consider a number, say N, of clouds that intend to build CF where the i-th cloud \((i=1, , N)\) is characterized by two parameters (\(\lambda _i\) and \(c_i\)). Application teams can retain the freedom and control that is suitable for their requirements. and "Can this design scale accommodate multiple regions?" 3.3.0.2 Cloud Infrastructure. 500291 (2013), Institute of electrical and electronics engineering (IEEE): Inter-cloud working group, Standard for Intercloud Interoperability and Federation (SIIF) (2017), Darzanos, G., Koutsopoulos, I., Stamoulis, G.D.: Economics models and policies for cloud federations. Higher level decisions can be made on where to place a gateway service to receive IoT device messages, e.g. The OpenWeatherMap monitors many cities and stores many parameters for them, including temperature, humidity, air pressure and wind speed. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization (Cloud Computing 2011), IARIA, pp. Immediate switchover yields a good approximation, when the duration of switchover is small compared to the uptime of individual components. After a probe update in step (5b) and step (6b) we immediately proceed to updating the lookup table as probes are sent less frequently.