Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Why Queen Elizabeth I signed a death warrant to execute the - HISTORY GCSE: Early Elizabethan England (1558-88) - Tutor2u -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Problems faced by Elizabeth I in 1558 - YouTube The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Why was France a threat? In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. As such, I disagree with the statement. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. Spanish invasion plans. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. What happened to Elizabeth I in 1554? - Answers Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603) | The Royal Family The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. VAT reg no 816865400. PDF Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 - Oasis Academy South Bank ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. From there we will look at the career . The new and updated summary of the British and American history England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Elizabeth I and France - History Learning Site Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. PDF History Paper 2 - Elizabeth Topic 1: Early threats and the Religious This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Company Reg no: 04489574. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Boston Spa, In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Mary was spared. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Queen Elizabeth I: The Controversies and the - Ancient Origins The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Doodle's Point of View There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Elizabeth 1 - Foreign Policy - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - BBC Bitesize The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Company Reg no: 04489574. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. The Religious Settlement of 1559 - History Learning Site This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Norfolk was killed in 1572. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. LS23 6AD However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. How successful was Elizabeth I in dealing with foreign policy - StudyMode The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. - Leith blockade. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Europe. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Spouse: None. PDF Mark Scheme (Stage 8 Sign Off) November 2020 The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . PDF What problems did Elizabeth face in 1558? - WordPress.com To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. Elizabeth I - Accession | Britannica The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. PPTX What problems did Elizabeth I face when she became Queen in 1558? He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. Elizabeth I and Finances - History Learning Site Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. PDF GCSE History Elizabethan Age, 1558-1603 Revision guide Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. God blew and they were scattered - The National Archives migration? -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. 214 High Street, 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Elizabeth's Legitimacy | History | tutor2u However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. PDF Subject: History Year: 10Lesson 3 - Schudio Elizabeth I: a biography. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion.
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