Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. 35. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Bacterial and viral infections. 2.3.4.3. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Shonda responds by changing the subject. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. d. latency stage. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. c. double-blind studies. They are tied to experiences early in life. b. b. good long-term prognoses. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. 113. 85. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. b. operant conditioning. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. d. disengagement. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. d. projection. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. 121. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. a. 101. b. delusional thinking. b. existential therapy. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. b. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? d. psychodynamic. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. 55. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. c. humanistic-existential They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. Figure 2.10. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! What is that factor? d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. a. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? b. overgeneralization. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. d. object relations. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. c. the id, ego, and superego. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. Thats all right. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Track the accuracy of the thought. A patient has social anxiety disorder. c. neurons. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. 152. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. c. tertiary prevention. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. 117. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. 42. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. 2.3.1.5. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. b. insight. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. How so? So what do we do with this information? The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. The strategies arise from all three learning models. 46. 110. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? c. axons. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. b. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. 145. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. 66. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress The existential perspective. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. Attributions and cognitive errors. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. b. learned behavior. d. libido. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. b. humanistic-existential. This is an example of: Postconditioning. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Behaviorally test your thought. b. neurotransmitters. 164. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. 2.2.2.1. 2.3.2.5. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. This thought is an example of: a. depression. c. gestalt. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. b. Freud. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. b. modeling. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? a. cognitive-behavioral 59. b. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. Evaluating the cognitive model. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. 12. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. 161. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. 33. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. How so? They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. 39. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. 69. You are doing your best. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. 2.2.3.1. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. 150. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? d. indicator of psychological conflict. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. 53. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? c. They explain outside influences and past events. a. psychoanalysis. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. d. classical conditioning. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. The neuron. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. Schemas and cognitive errors. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. a. Neurotransmitters are released. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? 115. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" d. client-centered therapy. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. 141. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? Don't worry. b. laissez-faire parenting style. d. damage control. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. b. Rogers. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. 91. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Maladaptive cognitions. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. a. modeling. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . A story will illustrate the latter. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. It is difficult to research this perspective. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. a. modeling If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. All of the models include an element of the biological model. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. What is learning and what forms does it take? b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. c. gestalt They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. d. fear. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment.
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